Patient safety first alert—epinephrine and phenylephrine in surgical settings

AORN Journal,  April, 2003  by Suzanne C. Beyea,  Rodney W. Hicks

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(2.) M Ashchi, H P Wiedemann, K B James, "Cardiac complication from use of cocaine and phenylephrine in nasal septoplasty," Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery 121 (June 1995) 681-684; D Young, J J Glauber, "Electrocardiographic changes resulting from acute cocaine intoxication," American Heart Journal 34 (August 1947) 272-279; Y C Chiu et al, "Myocardial infarction with topical cocaine anesthesia for nasal surgery," Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery 112 (September 1986) 988-990; S C Littlewood, H D Tabb, "Myocardial ischemia with epinephrine and cocaine during septoplasty," Journal of Louisiana State Medical Society 139 (May 1987) 15-18.

(3.) M Kalyanaraman et al, "Cardiopulmonary compromise after use of topical and submucosal alpha-agonists: Possible added complication by the use of beta-blocker therapy," Otolaryngology and Head and Neck 117 (July 1997) 56-61.

(4.) Littlewood, Tabb, "Myocardial ischemia with epinephrine and cocaine during septoplasty," 15-18.

(5.) G K McEvoy, ed, AHFS Drug Information (Bethesda, Md: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2002).

(6.) Ibid.

(7.) Ibid.

(8.) Kalyanaraman et al, "Cardiopulmonary compromise after use of topical and submucosal alpha-agonists: Possible added complication by the use of beta-blocker therapy," 56-61.

(9.) J A Klein, "Tumescent technique for regional anesthesia permits lidocaine doses of 35mg/kg for liposuction," Journal of Dermatologic Surgery & Oncology 16 no 3 (1990) 248-263.

(10.) N M Woldorf, P N Pastore, "Extreme epinephrine sensitivity with a general anesthesia," Archives of Otolaryngology 96 (September 1972) 272-277; McEvoy, ed, AHFS Drug Information.

(11.) McEvoy, ed, AHFS Drug Information.

(12.) Ibid.

(13.) Facts and Comparisons Staff, Drug Facts and Comparisons (St Louis: Facts and Comparisons, 2003) 564.

(14.) D F Stone, T J Gall, "Airway management," in Anesthesia, fifth ed, R D Miller, ed (Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000) 1414-1451.

(15.) Kalyanaraman et al, "Cardiopulmonary compromise after use of topical and submucosal alpha-agonists: Possible added complication by the use of beta-blocker therapy," 56-61.

(16.) P O Bridenbaug, M E Cruz, S H Shelton, "Anesthesia for otolaryngologic procedures," in Otolaryngology, Volume 4, third ed, M M Paparella et al, eds (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1991) 2949-2970.

(17.) McEvoy, ed, AHFS Drug Information.

(18.) Ibid.

(19.) Kalyanaraman et al, "Cardiopulmonary compromise after use of topical and submucosal alpha-agonists: Possible added complication by the use of beta-blocker therapy," 56-61.

(20.) F T Fraunfelder, A F Scafidi, "Possible adverse effects from topical ocular 10% phenylephrine," American Journal of Ophthalmology 8 (April 1978) 447-453.

(21.) "AORN guidance statement: Safe medication practices in perioperative practice settings," in Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guidelines (Denver: AORN, Inc, 2003) 135-136.

(22.) Ibid.

(23.) Ibid.

(24.) Ibid.

(25.) Ibid.

(26.) Ibid.